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Interleukin 10 （IL-10）, also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor （CSIF）, is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In humans, IL-10 is primarily produced by monocytes and, to a lesser extent, lymphocytes, namely type-II T helper cells （TH2）, mast cells, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and in a certain subset of activated T cells and B cells. IL-10 can be produced by monocytes upon PD-1 triggering in these cells. IL-10 is a cytokine with multiple, pleiotropic, effects in immunoregulation and inflammation. It downregulates the expression of Th1 cytokines, MHC class II antigens, and co-stimulatory molecules on macrophages. It also enhances B cell survival, proliferation, and antibody production. IL-10 can block NF-κB activity, and is involved in the regulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.